Today, in restoring the order ruptured by terrorist acts, the mission of the legal systems and governments is not summarized to the legislation of punitive laws and the formation of criminal responses after the occurrence of terrorist crimes. In order to control terrorism, a new strategy has been presented in legal literature, and legislative regimes have been equipped with legitimate mechanisms called Preemptive strategies before the occurrence of terrorist crimes. Accordingly, with regard to the ineffectiveness of punitive-based strategies after the occurrence of terrorist attacks, the main question of this article is: what are the Preemptive Measures in confronting terrorism and their nature, components and the basics of justification? In an attempt to give an answer to the question, this article uses a descriptive-documentary research method. Based on the results of this study, Preemptive approaches in order to mitigate the threat of terrorism have a preventive, punitive, retributive, restrictive and obligatory nature, and their components include legal status, early intervention in imminent danger, non-entry into criminal proceedings which would be taken against suspects of terrorist crimes. Preemptive Measures have justificatory bases such as precaution, risk management, difficulty in prosecuting perpetrators, changes in the concept of liability and reducing damages.

Background: Preemptive analgesia is based on the idea that analgesia which initiates before a nociceptive even will be more effective than the analgesia commenced afterwards. This clinical trial compared postoperative analgesia and comfort in patients with general anesthesia combined with preoperative or postoperative local anesthesia. Methods: 90 patients who had been scheduled for phacoemulcification in Farabi Eye Hospital, 2002-3, were enrolled in the study. Sixty patients received general anesthesia: 15 received preoperative local anesthesia (GA+LA+OP), 15 received postoperative local anesthesia (GA+OP+LA), and 30 did not get local anesthesia (only GA). Thirty patients only received local anesthesia (LA). Subjective postoperative pain was determined by a visual analogue scale. Frequency of oculocardiac reflex, postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), and patient's comfort were assessed. Results: Postoperative pain was less in local anesthesia (LA) compared to general anesthesia (GA) (p < 0.0001). Additional preoperative application of local anesthesia (GA+LA+OP) resulted in less pain than additional postoperative application (GA+OP+LA) (p <0.05). Additional postoperative peribulbar block did not differ from general anesthesia (Only GA). The incidence of intraoperative oculocardiac reflex and postoperative nausea and vomiting was significantly less in patients with peribulbar block (P = .0001) and in GA+LA+OP group, as compared with others (P= 0.001). Conclusion: We conclude that preoperative local anesthesia (Only LA ) or in combination with general anesthesia provides the best comfort for the patient in eye surgery.  

Today, many different methods are applied for the correct use of foods and to prevent their deterioration. Ensuring healthy conditions for people in food consumption and consumption of healthy foods is very important for human welfare. In this study, food spoilage, the factors that cause food spoilage, its effects on a global basis, food transport systems (cold chain) and Measures that prevent or delay food spoilage are discussed.

Background: Post-tonsillectomy pain is often severe and usually prevents patients from routine eating and drinking. A new option for reducing postoperative pain is "Preemptive analgesia", the pre-, intra- or post-operative administration of analgesic agents. Ketamine, an N-methyl D-aspartate receptor antagonist, has recently received attention for this aim. Herein, we study the effect of submucosal injection of ketamine in the tonsillar bed for the reduction of post-tonsillectomy pain.Methods: In this double-blind clinical trial, three groups of patients underwent infiltration of 0.5mg/kg ketamine, 1mg/kg ketamine or normal saline in their tonsillar bed. Age, sex and weight of patients, duration of surgery, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (before and after surgery), volume of blood loss, reoccurrence of bleeding, time to initiation of oral intake, nausea, vomiting, pain score and dysphasia were recorded in information sheet. Data analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA and chi squared tests, with significance at a P value of <0.5.Results: There is no significant difference between the three groups with regard to age, sex, weight, duration of surgery, blood pressure (before surgery), volume of blood loss, nausea and vomiting. However, for the ketamine groups, pain score, dysphasia, need for opioid administration and time to initiation of oral intake is significantly lower (P<0.00). Reoccurrence of bleeding was observed in one patient in the lowerdose ketamine group, which is not statistically significant. The effectiveness of the two doses of ketamine is similar, with no statistical difference between the two groups (P=0.84).Conclusions: This study demonstrated that a submucosal injection of ketamine into the tonsillar bed preoperatively is a safe option for reducing post-tonsillectomy pain, dysphasia, need for opioid and time to initiation of oral intake, without increasing the risk of excessive bleeding, reoccurrence of bleeding, nausea and vomiting.

Introduction: In the current research, it has been tried to qualitatively study all kinds of policies and Measures necessary for alignment between teacher preparation programs and democratic social education competencies under the model of teacher education curricula, which include: direct (official) curriculum, Indirect curriculum, informal curriculum (implicit) and unstructured curriculum (hidden) should be identified in the educational system. Method: Qualitative approach and phenomenological method were used in this research. The field of research is Farhangian University of Hormozgan and the participants are  13  lecturers of this university. The sampling method is a combination of convenience and snowball sampling. The research tool was a semi-structured interview. The information was analyzed using thematic analysis method and then using MAXQDA software... Result: The information was analyzed using the theme analysis method and then using MAXQDA software in the form of 2  overarching themes, 8 organizing themes and 25  basic themes. The results of this research showed the basic policies and Measures for teacher preparation programs, in the form of two components, strategies and solutions of teacher training curricula, separated by curricula (formal, informal, informal, unstructured curriculum) and with the goal of preparing The formation of teachers has been identified in the educational system to realize the competencies of democratic social education. Conclusion: Therefore, examining the opportunities, facilities, and resources available to achieve these actions should be on the agenda of decision makers and educational planners. It is necessary to pay special attention to the strategies and solutions of teacher training curricula.